In a paint cross-section from the blue curtain, particles of silica are evident in the upper blue paint layer. Though ultramarine is the only blue pigment employed, evidence from one of the samples from 'Young Woman seated at a Virginal' seems to suggest that the pigment may not always be of high quality. Vermeer’s use of ultramarine in this way seems to be exceptional. The Delft artist Carel Fabritius also used ultramarine for the sky and for the mixed purple/blue of the tablecloth in A View of Delft of 1652, but the pigment was not included in mixed browns or other areas of the painting. What is perhaps most extraordinary is that the costly mineral blue pigment has been used to produce the mixed brown of the ceiling beams in 'The Music Lesson', with the likely aim of achieving an integrated colouristic harmony. Mixtures of ultramarine and green earth, often applied over an underpaint of green earth combined with black, have also been used for the patterned curtain in this painting.
įig.11 Paint cross-section from NG2568 taken from the skirt showing ultramarine combined with green earth and a few tiny particles of red earth. Ultramarine is used in relatively small discrete regions of the distinctive true blue colour for which this expensive pigment is renowned such as for the upholstery of the chairs in Young Woman standing at a Virginal and 'The Music Lesson' (Royal Collection) and the panel of curtain behind the virginal in Young Woman seated at a Virginal. Apart from unifying the overall colouristic effect, its distinctive presence may have subtly enhanced the perceived value of the paintings for collectors. By contrast, Vermeer made liberal, almost unorthodox, use of this costly pigment, mixing it into a range of colours. Most artists used it sparingly, hoping to derive maximum effect from its distinctive intense blue colour. Ultramarine – extracted from finely ground lapis lazuli – was extremely expensive. 1 UltramarineĪn expensive mineral blue pigment extracted from the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli, which was imported into Europe via Venice from Afghanistan. Pigments reported in other paintings by Vermeer include: azurite, smalt, indigo, an iron phosphate pigment likely to be vivianite the copper green pigment verdigris as well as greens made from combining blue and yellow pigments and lake pigments likely to be weld (yellow), cochineal and madder (red). The palette also includes bone black, charcoal black and lead white. Yellows identified are lead-tin yellow, yellow earth and a yellow lake pigment.
The only green is green earth, although a range of red pigments was employed: vermilion red lake and red earth. In these four paintings Vermeer used ultramarine – by far the most expensive pigment available to artists – to the exclusion of all other blue pigments. This section provides you information about the life and works of various famous Italian painters.Vermeer was a master of colouristic effects, but like most 17th-century Dutch painters he worked with a surprisingly limited palette.
Keeping up with legacy of their predecessors, contemporary Italian painters Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, and Enzo Cucchi are propagating eclectic modern art. The 19th century European art was revolutionized by the Impressionists Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, Telemaco Signorini, and Giuseppe Abbati who believed that areas of light and shadow were the chief components of a work of art. Artists like Raphael and Michelangelo dominated the later Renaissance while Annibale Caracci and Caravaggio went on to become the major figures of the Baroque period. The greatest artist of the 15th century was probably Leonardo da Vinci, the Italian polymath who gave the world its beloved ‘Mona Lisa’.
Great Florentine painters like Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Andrea Mantegna, Sandro Botticelli, and Paolo Uccello were prominent figures of Italian Renaissance who also deeply influenced Western arts. Italy was the centre for art and architecture in ancient Rome. Italian painters from the past several centuries have played significant roles in enriching the world of art with their innovative, stylish, and revolutionary aesthetic ideas. Italy is a country that has always boasted of a rich tradition of art and culture.
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